By Syed Akbar
Hyderabad, Feb 1: People in Andhra Pradesh are the slimmest among the Dravidian lot if the size of the waist is taken into account.
The Indian Council of Medical Research in its latest survey report on the risk of non-communicable diseases points out that only 14 per cent of people in Andhra Pradesh fall in the category of central obesity. The
figure for Kerala is 43 per cent and Tamil Nadu is 25 per cent.Karnataka was not covered under the study in the first phase, which included Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu from South India.
The waist circumference is one of the sensitive indicators for abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity has got a stronger association with coronary heart diseases as compared to BMI.
The higher the obesity or underweight levels in a population, the higher the risk of non-communicable diseases line hypertension, cardiac problems, diabetes, cancers of colon and breast, and osteoporosis.
Grade I overweight people form 15 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, 18 per cent in Tamil Nadu and 22 per cent in Kerala. The obesity of grade 2 and above is 5 per cent in Tamil Nadu and Kerala and 4 per cent in
Andhra Pradesh.
A cut-off level of 102 cm in males and 88 cm in females have been recommended for developed countries. However, lower cut-off levels of 90 cm in males and 80 cm in females has been fixed for Indians.
Stating that lack of physical activity leads to obesity, hyper-lipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, the ICMR survey noted that "most time spent is mainly related to work only". The
mean time spent in travel related activities (cycling/ walking) is a low 31 minutes per day in Andhra Pradesh. Also the mean time spent in recreational activities is low (4 minutes per day) in the State.
Referring to nutritional inadequacy, a major risk factor of many non- communicable diseases, the survey said 99 per cent of people in Tamil Nadu had less than five servings of fruits and vegetables a day. The
figures for Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are 88 and 87 respectively. On an average people consumed fruits only two days in a week in Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu and three days in a week in Kerala.
"Overall, the population of states in low category of physical activity were 66 per cent in Tamil Nadu, 68 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, 76 per cent in Kerala. The population of state detected with pre hypertension
stage was 43 per cent in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. However, the stage I and stage II hypertension among people was recorded between 17 per cent in Andhra Pradesh," ICMR report said.
Wednesday, February 2, 2011
Green salads: Beware of contaminated ready-to-eat vegetables, they cause gastro, typhoid and intestinal bleeding
By Syed Akbar
Hyderabad, Jan 31: Green salads are not always healthy, and may cause severe health complications if
proper standards are not maintained.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, which comes out with the "food book", warns that green salads
have been found to be contaminated with heavy metals and a variety of harmful bacteria that cause
diseases ranging from typhoid to intestinal bleeding and gastroenteritis. The problem gets worse if
natural manure like cattle dung or polluted water is used for leafy vegetables, which have a tendency to
absorb harmful elements.
The green salad, which many consider to be healthy for its ability to prevent cancer, can be contaminated with human faeces if polluted water is used in the orchards. If natural manure like cow or buffalo dung is used, the final product can be contaminated with animal faeces. If a food is contaminated with faeces, whether human or animal, it carries the risk of bacterial, viral, helminth and protozoan infections.
Health experts point out that if a hotel does not serve properly cleaned and washed green salad, it poses
the risk of infectious diseases. "People with weak immune system are at risk. Many hotels do not observe
strict cleanliness regime when it comes to serving green salads. Certain leafy vegetables like lettuce,
spinach, pudina and spring onion have the tendency to take in dangerous elements. They stay in the
plant body and pass on to human beings when consumed," says Dr P Ramachandra Murthy, expert in
internal medicine.
According to Codex, a body under Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, "international and national concerns have grown in response to recent outbreaks and illnesses related to fresh leafy vegetables. A broad array of microbial pathogens have been associated with these products as reported in international outbreak data".
Doctors have found enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter species,Shigella species, Hepatitis A virus, Norovirus, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum,
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes thriving on green salads.
"One has to be extra careful about consuming ready-to-eat greens as no cooking is involved. Cooked
vegetables carry almost no risk of diseases as the harmful agents are killed during cooking. Green salads
and vegetable salads carry the risk of spreading infection," cautions senior physician Dr MA Azeem.
Infectious diseases expert Dr Suneetha Narreddy says the impact of these infections can be as simple a self limiting acute gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea) to a severe infection involving multiple organs and can potentially be fatal. “Ready to eat vegetables and greens should have potable water during harvest, picking and processing. Processing area should be restricted to the essential people who are trained in the handling of perishable foods. Salads and green leafy vegetables can be disinfected by spraying them with vinegar and hydrogen peroxide,” she adds.
While enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli cause intestinal bleeding and gastroenteritis, Salmonella species cause typhoid and paratyphoid. Hepatitis A virus is known to cause severe liver problems including jaundice. Norovirus is the main culprit responsible for non-bacterial gastroenteritis.
proper standards are not maintained.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, which comes out with the "food book", warns that green salads
have been found to be contaminated with heavy metals and a variety of harmful bacteria that cause
diseases ranging from typhoid to intestinal bleeding and gastroenteritis. The problem gets worse if
natural manure like cattle dung or polluted water is used for leafy vegetables, which have a tendency to
absorb harmful elements.
The green salad, which many consider to be healthy for its ability to prevent cancer, can be contaminated with human faeces if polluted water is used in the orchards. If natural manure like cow or buffalo dung is used, the final product can be contaminated with animal faeces. If a food is contaminated with faeces, whether human or animal, it carries the risk of bacterial, viral, helminth and protozoan infections.
Health experts point out that if a hotel does not serve properly cleaned and washed green salad, it poses
the risk of infectious diseases. "People with weak immune system are at risk. Many hotels do not observe
strict cleanliness regime when it comes to serving green salads. Certain leafy vegetables like lettuce,
spinach, pudina and spring onion have the tendency to take in dangerous elements. They stay in the
plant body and pass on to human beings when consumed," says Dr P Ramachandra Murthy, expert in
internal medicine.
According to Codex, a body under Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, "international and national concerns have grown in response to recent outbreaks and illnesses related to fresh leafy vegetables. A broad array of microbial pathogens have been associated with these products as reported in international outbreak data".
Doctors have found enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter species,Shigella species, Hepatitis A virus, Norovirus, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum,
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes thriving on green salads.
"One has to be extra careful about consuming ready-to-eat greens as no cooking is involved. Cooked
vegetables carry almost no risk of diseases as the harmful agents are killed during cooking. Green salads
and vegetable salads carry the risk of spreading infection," cautions senior physician Dr MA Azeem.
Infectious diseases expert Dr Suneetha Narreddy says the impact of these infections can be as simple a self limiting acute gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea) to a severe infection involving multiple organs and can potentially be fatal. “Ready to eat vegetables and greens should have potable water during harvest, picking and processing. Processing area should be restricted to the essential people who are trained in the handling of perishable foods. Salads and green leafy vegetables can be disinfected by spraying them with vinegar and hydrogen peroxide,” she adds.
While enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli cause intestinal bleeding and gastroenteritis, Salmonella species cause typhoid and paratyphoid. Hepatitis A virus is known to cause severe liver problems including jaundice. Norovirus is the main culprit responsible for non-bacterial gastroenteritis.
Tuesday, January 25, 2011
US lifts defence sanctions on India: America to benefit from the move in the long run
2011
Syed Akbar
Hyderabad, Jan 25: The US government's decision to lift "sanctions" on Indian defence units will ultimately help the United States, though India gets benefited initially.
The US government lifted its "sanctions" or export curbs on DRDO and ISRO units, which it had imposed in 1998 soon after the Pokhran nuclear tests. The US had earlier eased sanctions against some of the firms, but continued with the curbs on key units. It has now lifted these curbs too.
According to Defence sources, the lifting of curbs or the unilateral sanctions will benefit Indian firms and boost the R & D work including new and existing Space and Defence projects. But it will also boost business opportunities for US firms in the longer run. Incidentally, US sees a flourishing Space and Defence market in India since it is fast developing indigenous technologies in both the areas.
The Indian firms that are now free to import and export equipment and spare parts to the US include Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL), which makes India's missiles and munitions; four subsidiaries of DRDO (Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), Defense Research and Development Lab (DRDL), Missile Research and Development Complex; and Solid State Physics Laboratory); and four subsidiaries of ISRO (Liquid Propulsion Systems Center (LPSC), Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB),
Sriharikota Space Center (SHAR), and Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC).
Though US authorities did not use the terms "sanctions" Indian firms were denied supply of equipment and spares during the last 13 years. India had to develop many spareparts and equipment using the indigenous technology.
Sriharikota Space Center (SHAR), and Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC).
Though US authorities did not use the terms "sanctions" Indian firms were denied supply of equipment and spares during the last 13 years. India had to develop many spareparts and equipment using the indigenous technology.
ISRO has been urging the US to lift curbs on Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, and Liquid Propulsion Centre. Three other ISRO units were removed from the "embargo list" four years ago. ISRO had been hopeful of lifting of sanctions since it had collaborated with NASA on the Chandrayaan-1 mission. The collaboration led to the discovery of water molecules on the moon.
The US decision is being seen as a "strategic move" to allow US companies to trade with the Indian organisations. Incidentally, India has proposed FDI in defence sector and the US thought that it was the opportune time to ease trade restrictions with India for bilateral benefit.
Monday, January 24, 2011
WHO may impose ban on TV advts targeting young children with unhealthy food items
2011
Syed Akbar
Hyderabad, Jan 24: After pictorial warning on tobacco products, there will soon be restrictions on TV commercials promoting unhealthy food stuff for children.
The World Health Organisation, which has successfully implemented pictorial warning on tobacco products, has now asked all its member-countries including India to impose restrictions on TV commercials that target young children with unhealthy food items.
The Indian Council of Medical Research has drafted certain recommendations on what not to eat to stay fit. Once these guidelines are finalised, restrictions will be imposed on TV commercials trying to sell unhealthy foods. Policy makers and health experts will meet in Geneva in September to discuss the impact of TV commercials on the eating habits of young children and the need to contain them.
While welcoming the WHO's recommendations, city health experts believe that TV advertising is responsible for a large share of the marketing of unhealthy foods. "Children throughout the world are exposed to marketing of foods high in fat, sugar or salt, which increases the potential of younger generations developing noncommunicable diseases during their lives. Systematic reviews of evidence show that advertisements influence children's food preferences, purchase requests and consumption patterns." Some of the food stuff shown on TV commercials are of low nutritional value.
According o ICMR expert group chairman Dr B Narasinga Rao, the body does not need much sodium. "Intakes of 1.1 grams to 3.3 grams of sodium or just 2.8 grams to 8.3 grams of common salt is considered to be safe and adequate for healthy adults". But the WHO has found that most of the food stuff advertised for children in TV commercials contain high fat, sugar and salt, and they are responsible for the spurt in non-communicable diseases.
"Non-communicable diseases or lifestyle diseases are caused by the diet we eat. They are also influenced by stress. Control of diet and eating of healthy food right from the childhood will reduce the risk of non-communicable ailments like cardiovascular diseases, cancers and diabetes," said senior cardiologist Dr Bharath Reddy.
The WHO recommendations come in the wake of reports that 4.3 crore children including 1.1 crore living in India, are obese or overweight. "The advertisements on the food and snacks are highly influential on children, and influence their food choices dramatically. Majority of the food that gets advertised doesn't comprise of good nutritional values," argues bariatric surgeon Dr Nandakishore Dukkipati.
Since in these advertisements, food is associated with a celebrity - film star, sports personality etc., and kids get influenced and tend to go for them, leading to overweight and obesity amongst them, Dr Nandakishore said adding that food advertisements also give subliminal suggestions making them prone to eat food high in calories leading to overweight.
Friday, January 21, 2011
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever: CCHF has high mortality rate, is highly infectious
2011
By Syed Akbar
Hyderabad, Jan 20: City hospitals are ill-equipped to tackle cases of the highly infectious Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever if the disease breaks out here. Worse, most doctors are unaware of the clinical manifestation of CCHF and it is unlikely that they have had direct interaction with a CCHF patient.
"We studied about CCHF in one of our microbiology lessons. But I have never come across a CCHF patient in my career so far," confessed an expert in internal medicine attached to a corporate hospital.
Infectious diseases specialist Dr Suneetha Narreddy said since CCHF was not a common disease, it would be difficult for a doctor to diagnose it. "Doctors first look for common diseases and then go for uncommon diseases. But chances are that no doctor here will look for CCHF since it has not been reported here earlier," she said. CCHF, the first cases of which have just been diagnosed in India, spreads fast through body fluids from person to person. Its transmission from animal to humans is through tick bites.
It is such a dangerous disease that the National Institute of Virology has warned that any serum samples from an infected person should be sent through a three-level isolation box to NIV, Pune, for confirmatory diagnostic tests.
CCHF was first diagnosed in 1944 in the Ukraine.
Though it has been causing havoc regularly in different parts of the world, it was not reported in India till recently. Early this month, the disease was diagnosed in Ahmedabad and so far it has caused the death of three people.
Given its highly infectious nature and the regular movement of large numbers of people between Gujarat and AP, doctors and health experts fear that any outbreak of CCHF in Hyderabad will precipitate a medical emergency. Most hospitals do not have special isolation wards fulfilling the WHO standards for Congo fever patients.
Senior physician, Dr Aftab Ahmed, said, "Since it is a viral disease, antibiotics do not work and the treatment has to be supportive. What matters is early diagnosis of the disease. It has one of the highest mortality rates with 40 per cent of patients succumbing to it."
Doctors at the government-owned Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases (Fever Hospital) also admit that they do not have a WHO-standard isolation ward to deal with Congo fever cases.
According to the National Institute of Virology, an individual is said to be suffering from CCHF if he manifests an acute febrile (fever) illness, with bleeding/haemorrhagic manifestations or acute unexplained death, plus at least one of the following: (a) tick bite in the previous three weeks (b) contact with livestock in the previous three weeks and or (c) direct physical contact, or contact with body fluids, of someone with a similar illness in the previous three wee
By Syed Akbar
Hyderabad, Jan 20: City hospitals are ill-equipped to tackle cases of the highly infectious Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever if the disease breaks out here. Worse, most doctors are unaware of the clinical manifestation of CCHF and it is unlikely that they have had direct interaction with a CCHF patient.
"We studied about CCHF in one of our microbiology lessons. But I have never come across a CCHF patient in my career so far," confessed an expert in internal medicine attached to a corporate hospital.
Infectious diseases specialist Dr Suneetha Narreddy said since CCHF was not a common disease, it would be difficult for a doctor to diagnose it. "Doctors first look for common diseases and then go for uncommon diseases. But chances are that no doctor here will look for CCHF since it has not been reported here earlier," she said. CCHF, the first cases of which have just been diagnosed in India, spreads fast through body fluids from person to person. Its transmission from animal to humans is through tick bites.
CCHF was first diagnosed in 1944 in the Ukraine.
Though it has been causing havoc regularly in different parts of the world, it was not reported in India till recently. Early this month, the disease was diagnosed in Ahmedabad and so far it has caused the death of three people.
Given its highly infectious nature and the regular movement of large numbers of people between Gujarat and AP, doctors and health experts fear that any outbreak of CCHF in Hyderabad will precipitate a medical emergency. Most hospitals do not have special isolation wards fulfilling the WHO standards for Congo fever patients.
Senior physician, Dr Aftab Ahmed, said, "Since it is a viral disease, antibiotics do not work and the treatment has to be supportive. What matters is early diagnosis of the disease. It has one of the highest mortality rates with 40 per cent of patients succumbing to it."
Doctors at the government-owned Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases (Fever Hospital) also admit that they do not have a WHO-standard isolation ward to deal with Congo fever cases.
According to the National Institute of Virology, an individual is said to be suffering from CCHF if he manifests an acute febrile (fever) illness, with bleeding/haemorrhagic manifestations or acute unexplained death, plus at least one of the following: (a) tick bite in the previous three weeks (b) contact with livestock in the previous three weeks and or (c) direct physical contact, or contact with body fluids, of someone with a similar illness in the previous three wee
Wednesday, January 19, 2011
ICMR guidelines on obesity control: After US, India follows suit to make its people slim and healthy
By Syed Akbar
Oven hot pizzas, crispy French fries, spicy hot dogs, and yummy burgers may go off your
daily menu if the
Indian Council of Medical Research has its way. Concerned over high rate of obesity among
Indians,
particularly children and young adults, ICMR plans to come out with new dietary
guidelines, which will tell
you to avoid fast or junk food.
Obesity and overweight are often blamed on junk food that includes pizzas, French fries,
burgers,
sandwiches, curry puffs, aloo samosas, potato chips and cream-filled pastry. And ICMR,
which comes out
with dietary and nutrition recommendations at regular intervals, now plans to suggest
that Indians stay away
from the junk food if they want to stay fit and healthy. The ICMR's move follows the US
government's
decision last month to revise nutrition standards for food items sold for schoolchildren.
But pizza lovers need not lose their heart. Fast food companies plan to fine-tune their
products to meet the
nutritional and dietary requirements of ICMR. Your favourite pizza and burger will now
come loaded with
less calories and low cholesterol content. They will satiate your taste buds even while
working light on the
stomach, if fast food companies are to be believed.
"All the time we innovate and experiment with our products. When ICMR comes out with the
new
guidelines, we will definitely bring out sandwiches and other foodstuff that are healthy,
tasty, less fattening
and appealing to all children and youngsters," promises a spokesperson of Subway from
Chennai.
Other fast food companies like Domino's too plan to fine-tune their menu to meet ICMR
standards to fight
obesity. "We are open to changes and innovation," said a representative of corporate
communications of
Domino's, Noida.
While it takes time for fast food companies to innovate and adjust their menu, official
statistics present a
grim picture of the health of Indian children, particularly those living in urban areas.
One in eight children
in the country is overweight. Almost one-third of the children in the country will become
obese if their diet
is not fine-tuned immediately.
According to Dr VM Katoch, ICMR director-general, the new guidelines on obesity control
will include
recommendation that will bring behavioural change in the eating habits. Already the
city-based National
Institute of Nutrition, an ICMR constituent body, in its 14-point dietary guidelines
suggest that people
should avoid over-eating to prevent over-weight and obesity.
"Proper physical activity is essential to maintain desirable body weight. Processed and
ready-to-eat foods
should be used judiciously. Sugar should be used sparingly. And salt should be used in
minimum quantity,"
the NIN guidelines point out.
The obesity levels in the present generation are so high that health researchers looking
at the dietary habits
and lifestyle changes have come to conclusion that the present generation will be the
first in human history
with a shorter life expectancy than their parents, observes nutrition consultant Dr
Suneetha Sapur.
"The main fear is child and adolescent obesity, which has now reached epidemic
proportions in all
industrial countries and is fast catching in our country ," she adds.
Ergonomics and obesity expert Prof Dr S Bakthtiar Choudhary agrees. "junk food is devoid
of minerals,
fibre and have many preservatives. Besides junk food, eating in front of TV is the other
main reason for
obesity".
The new final draft recommendations of the ICMR on the total calorie intake for Indians
fix 910 for boys
between one and two years; 2030 for children between 10 and 11 years; and 3060 for boys
between 17 and
18 years. In case of girls, the calorie intake is 830, 1740 and 2450 respectively.
Men who lead a sedentary life need take 2320 calories per day, those with moderate work
2730 and those
involved in heavy work 3490 calories. The corresponding figures for women are 1900, 2230
and 2550
calories.
=============================================================================
Following are the healthy weights and heights of a reference person in India:
Reference infant of India:
0 to 6 months: 5.4 kgs
6 to 12 months: 8.4 kgs
Reference child of India:
1 to 3 years: 12.9 kgs
4 to 6 years: 18 kgs
7 to 9 years: 25.1 kgs
Reference boy of India:
10 to 12 years: 34.3 kgs
13 to 15 years: 47.6 kgs
16 to 17 years: 55.4 kgs
Reference girl of India:
10 to 12 years: 35 kgs
13 to 15 years: 46 kgs
16 to 17 years: 52.1 kgs
Adult reference person:
Man: 18 to 29 years: 60 kgs
Woman: 18 to 29: 55 kgs
Oven hot pizzas, crispy French fries, spicy hot dogs, and yummy burgers may go off your
daily menu if the
Indian Council of Medical Research has its way. Concerned over high rate of obesity among
Indians,
particularly children and young adults, ICMR plans to come out with new dietary
guidelines, which will tell
you to avoid fast or junk food.
Obesity and overweight are often blamed on junk food that includes pizzas, French fries,
burgers,
sandwiches, curry puffs, aloo samosas, potato chips and cream-filled pastry. And ICMR,
which comes out
with dietary and nutrition recommendations at regular intervals, now plans to suggest
that Indians stay away
from the junk food if they want to stay fit and healthy. The ICMR's move follows the US
government's
decision last month to revise nutrition standards for food items sold for schoolchildren.
But pizza lovers need not lose their heart. Fast food companies plan to fine-tune their
products to meet the
nutritional and dietary requirements of ICMR. Your favourite pizza and burger will now
come loaded with
less calories and low cholesterol content. They will satiate your taste buds even while
working light on the
stomach, if fast food companies are to be believed.
"All the time we innovate and experiment with our products. When ICMR comes out with the
new
guidelines, we will definitely bring out sandwiches and other foodstuff that are healthy,
tasty, less fattening
and appealing to all children and youngsters," promises a spokesperson of Subway from
Chennai.
Other fast food companies like Domino's too plan to fine-tune their menu to meet ICMR
standards to fight
obesity. "We are open to changes and innovation," said a representative of corporate
communications of
Domino's, Noida.
While it takes time for fast food companies to innovate and adjust their menu, official
statistics present a
grim picture of the health of Indian children, particularly those living in urban areas.
One in eight children
in the country is overweight. Almost one-third of the children in the country will become
obese if their diet
is not fine-tuned immediately.
According to Dr VM Katoch, ICMR director-general, the new guidelines on obesity control
will include
recommendation that will bring behavioural change in the eating habits. Already the
city-based National
Institute of Nutrition, an ICMR constituent body, in its 14-point dietary guidelines
suggest that people
should avoid over-eating to prevent over-weight and obesity.
"Proper physical activity is essential to maintain desirable body weight. Processed and
ready-to-eat foods
should be used judiciously. Sugar should be used sparingly. And salt should be used in
minimum quantity,"
the NIN guidelines point out.
The obesity levels in the present generation are so high that health researchers looking
at the dietary habits
and lifestyle changes have come to conclusion that the present generation will be the
first in human history
with a shorter life expectancy than their parents, observes nutrition consultant Dr
Suneetha Sapur.
"The main fear is child and adolescent obesity, which has now reached epidemic
proportions in all
industrial countries and is fast catching in our country ," she adds.
Ergonomics and obesity expert Prof Dr S Bakthtiar Choudhary agrees. "junk food is devoid
of minerals,
fibre and have many preservatives. Besides junk food, eating in front of TV is the other
main reason for
obesity".
The new final draft recommendations of the ICMR on the total calorie intake for Indians
fix 910 for boys
between one and two years; 2030 for children between 10 and 11 years; and 3060 for boys
between 17 and
18 years. In case of girls, the calorie intake is 830, 1740 and 2450 respectively.
Men who lead a sedentary life need take 2320 calories per day, those with moderate work
2730 and those
involved in heavy work 3490 calories. The corresponding figures for women are 1900, 2230
and 2550
calories.
=============================================================================
Following are the healthy weights and heights of a reference person in India:
Reference infant of India:
0 to 6 months: 5.4 kgs
6 to 12 months: 8.4 kgs
Reference child of India:
1 to 3 years: 12.9 kgs
4 to 6 years: 18 kgs
7 to 9 years: 25.1 kgs
Reference boy of India:
10 to 12 years: 34.3 kgs
13 to 15 years: 47.6 kgs
16 to 17 years: 55.4 kgs
Reference girl of India:
10 to 12 years: 35 kgs
13 to 15 years: 46 kgs
16 to 17 years: 52.1 kgs
Adult reference person:
Man: 18 to 29 years: 60 kgs
Woman: 18 to 29: 55 kgs
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